How does stress affect the characters' s in The Descendants by Kaui Essay

How does stress affect the characters' s in The Descendants by Kaui Hart Hemmings in a few ways - Essay Example Causes of stress are not universal to everyone. What stresses one may not stress another (Kopolow 17). Therefore, stress can be defined as responding to body demands that are not specific. The basic way to respond to stress involves three stages, which includes sensitization, resistance, and lastly exhaustion. To apply this it takes self effort to manage stress. This can be done through physical practices to ease your nerves and release pressure through exercise like running. It can also be done by sharing with friends, understanding your limits, taking good care of yourself, setting aside time just to have fun as it is important as doing work, participating in various activities to avoid boredom, assigning tasks to avoid being overworked, accepting correction, and sometimes crying if it is necessary to release your stress (Hemmings 45). The effect of stress have been demonstrated in the novel The Descendants through the various characters in the book. This is clear in the main chara cter of the book, Matt, who is majorly faced by family stress. From the book, it is evident that stress has had adverse effects to most of characters including Matt himself, however, in the end it turns out to transform Matt into a likable character (Kopolow 17). The Descendants is a book that talks of a story in the palace. Matt King a land owner in Hawaii from the royalty of Hawaii. He faces stress from the accident of her wife in a boat race and later on he realizes that her wife, Joanie, has been having extramarital affairs with Brian in the process of providing a chance for friends to bid Joanie goodbye. Joanie had been responsible of the kids and after her demise, Matt is faced with the challenge of handling his children, Alex and Scottie, as a single father. The two daughters are sturbon in their own way, one is a drug addict and the other a sturbon girl that displays unpleasant messages to her friends. Despite all this causes of stress to Matt, he still manages to be dillige nt with his business and career, as well as managing and rebuilding his family. The story starts with stressing events that touch most of the characters. However, towards the end, the story manages to have a happy ending as we see the family of Matt uniting together especially after the death of Joanie, the wife to Matt and the mother to Alex and Scottie. Kaui Hemmings begins the book by introducing Matt king who narrates the entire story. He is in a hospital where his wife, Joanie, lies in a coma. She is described to be once enthusiastic, and ecstasy-seeking is in a coma at the hospital after an accident in a boat race accident. This is one of the causes of stress to Matt as it gives him worry about the health of his wife (Hemmings 45). Matt is also faced from other stresses arising from his family. Another cause of stress to Matt is his discovering that his wife had extra-marital affairs outside their wedlock. He learns that his wife was not faithful to their marriage. This makes him seek to find out the details of the mysterious lover of his wife. He seeks a solution to this family stress by sharing it with his friends as he look for the man he believes his wife loved. He does this to give the lover to his wife a chance to bid farewell to Joanie because Matt believes she will die soon. Matt is also faced with another family stress of dealing with his daughters after Joanie is dead. He poses, â€Å"Once I think I know the pattern with these girls -- fun, intimacy, fight,

MGMT442 U3 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT442 U3 DB - Research Paper Example A program’s measure of performance can be gauged through the response collection from the employees. It can also be gauged through the overall productivity comparison between two time sets before and current mode of operations. Any program that adds value and reduces the wastes and redundancy within the product or process amount to the effective performance undertaking and addition of quality to the overall product and package. In today’s competitive era, the employees expect professional response from the employers, training, equal opportunities and an environment that favors anyone with ability and hard work regardless of any affiliation or social standing. The other stakeholders of the organization expect in time delivery, keeping them on board, making the decisions in light of the mutual benefits and mutual considerations, and handling the operations in complete professional and timely manner make up for the stakeholders

Marketing strategy assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing strategy assignment - Essay Example Without the accurate market information, introduction of a new product is likely to fail. This step ensures that the company confirms the actual state of the consumer market (Ferrell, 2012). It actualizes what the market really needs, the features desired, pricing, motivation to buy and distribution channels. These are important aspects in the decision making process. The research conducted on the market revealed that the market was eagerly waiting for the introduction of the new product mainly to be used in social places such as bars, restaurants and offices. Timing This is the second stage in the marketing process that ensures all elements in the marketing process are integrated. The production of the new product should be complete before it is a launched to avoid loss of sales and credibility in the product (Ferrell, 2012). There have been numerous cases in history where the marketing of a new product has failed owing to the fact that the product manufacturing lags behind the laun ch of the new product. This explains the reason why the company was not willing to take chances with the manufacture of the Toeopener that is why a number of units were produced before the product was launched. Capacity The company should ensure that it has the required resources in terms of inputs and personnel to keep up with the manufacturing process if the introduction of the Toeopener is successful. Testing The new product has to be tested in the market to ensure that its features are in line with the customers’ need (Ferrell, 2012). This is establishes whether the customers are willing and able to pay the set price. Additionally, it ensures that the distributors are comfortable to sell and market the product. Distribution The company... The company decided to come with a clear marketing process to ensure successful sales for the new product in the Canadian market. To begin with, there are various reasons why the introduction of a new product in the market.Marketing research is the first step in the introduction of a new product. Without the accurate market information, introduction of a new product is likely to fail. This step ensures that the company confirms the actual state of the consumer market.The new product in the market mainly targeted to be used in social places with frequent activity and a high number of visitors. The first segment that is targeted by the introduction of the product is homeowners who would like to have an easier time while opening doors in their homes. However, this may be the smallest segment, as most homeowners prefer opening and closing their doors normally. Bars are the second segment in the consumer market. This is because bars have high numbers of clients and the Toeopener makes ope ning the door efficient and easier for them. The third segment is the restaurant owners who find the device highly convenient since they also have a high number of clients. The Toeopener also minimizes the spread of germs across surfaces in the restaurants since no one gets to handle the doorknob or handle using their hands. The final segment of clients is offices that have a high number of visitors and a high level of activity. It is much easier for the workers to open the door while carrying a pile of files.

America's Stone Age Explorers Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

America's Stone Age Explorers Film - Essay Example Consequently, big-game hunters used this route to move between the two places. The theory asserts that people journeyed through a corridor devoid of ice. The migration estimate is about 13,500 years ago. The theory further holds that the people who had migrated to America were isolated after the melting of glaciers. This caused the disappearance of the land bridge. However, the discovery of enormous ice sheets covering the south in the times of Christopher Columbus flawed this long standing theory on population of America. It is interesting how new developments such as discovery of other Clovis point challenge the previously accepted Clovis theory. The developments include the revelation that the coastline supported life of plants and bears The Clovis point viewpoint is such an important aspect in exploration at that time. It is the discovery of these points dating back to 16,000 B.C and the southern ice sheets that suggests that man could live as far back in time. This means that the populating of America could have happened earlier that it was thought. It is intriguing to navigate through these theories that strive to find the answer. This film gives us just the recommended captivating

Phstat Essay Example for Free

Phstat Essay For Excel 2000 through Excel 2003, Microsoft Office macro security level set to Medium (see Topic 3a â€Å"Configuring Excel 2000-2003 Security for PHStat2†). For Excel 2007, Trust Center Macro Settings set to Disable all macros with notification (recommended) or Enable all macros. See section 3a or 3b for more details. (There are no security settings in Excel 97 or the original, unpatched version of Excel 2000. ) Internet access (for downloading updates to Microsoft Excel, from www. microsoft. com, and PHStat2, from www. prenhall. com/phstat, as they become available), optional but recommended. Requirements for running the PHStat2 setup program: CD or DVD drive. Approximately 10 MB hard disk free space while running the setup program and 3 MB hard disk space after program setup. On some older systems, the Windows system files that may get replaced or added during the setup process will require up to 6 MB additional hard disk space. Windows user account with administrator or software-installing privileges (does not apply to Windows 98Se or ME). Student or faculty accounts used to login onto networked computers in academic settings typically do not have this privilege. F Test for Differences in Two Variances: Two-tailed test formula to determine whether to reject null hypothesis corrected. Z Test for Differences in Two Means: Upper-tail test formula to determine whether to reject null hypothesis corrected. Minor reformatting in selected worksheet and dialog box labels. Enhanced statistical procedures in version 2. 5: Chi-Square Test includes Marascuilo Procedure output option. Histogram Polygons Frequency distributions include percentage and cumulative percentage columns. Kruskal-Wallis Rank Test Worksheet redesigned to accommodate larger number of groups.

Principles of Liability in Negligence in Business Activities

Principles of Liability in Negligence in Business Activities Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Ingrida Miseviciute Table of Contents Task 1 (AC3.1)1 Task 2 (AC3.2)2 Task 3 (AC3.3)3 Task 4 (AC4.1)4 Task 5 (AC4.2)5 References6 LO 3 Understand principles of liability in negligence in business activities Task 1 (AC 3.1) Liability in Tort Contractual liability Definition: A tort is a legal term describing a violation where one person causes damage, injury, or harm to another person. The violation may result from intentional actions, a breach of duty as in negligence, or due to a violation of statutes. Explanation: The party that commits the tort is called the tortfeasor. A tortfeasor incurs tort liability, meaning that they will have to reimburse the victim for the harm that they caused them. In other words, the tortfeasor who is found to be â€Å"liable† or responsible for a person’s injuries will likely be required to pay damages. Damages: Under most tort laws, the injury suffered by the plaintiff does not have to actually be physical. A tortfeasor may be required to pay damages for other types of harm, including emotional distress or a violation of personal rights. Types: Joint Liability Vicarious Liability Liability to/for Third Parties Plaintiff/victim Liability Strict Liability Parent Liability. Definition: Contractual liabilityis defined as liability that does not arise by way of negligence, but by assumption under contract or agreement. Explanation: A contract is a legal binding agreement between two or more persons. When you sign, or agree to the terms of a contract, then you have accepted the contractual liabilities set forth in the document. Damages: Liabilities are things that you can be held accountable for, and may have to repay or replace, in the event that they occur. For example, a renter’sagreement may state that, If upon moving out of the premises stated in the contract, any part of the premises is destroyed, you may be accountable for and have to pay to repair, or replace the damage. Types: Contractual liability can take many forms, but is basically holds you accountable for damages that are stated in the contract. For example, Commercial contracts, domestic contracts and so forth. Task 2 (AC3.2) Negligence is a failure to use reasonable care that results in harm to another party. There are four important elements to a negligence lawsuit that must be proven: The defendant owed a duty, either to the plaintiff or to the general public The defendant violated that duty The defendants violation of the duty resulted in harm to the plaintiff The plaintiffs injury was foreseeable by a reasonable person. Donohughe V Stevenson (1932) This famous case established the civil law tort of negligence and obliged manufacturers to have a duty of care towards their customers. The events of the complaint took place in Scotland in 1928, when Ms May Donoghue was given a bottle of ginger beer, purchased by a friend. The bottle was later discovered to contain a decomposing snail. Since the bottle was not of clear glass, Donoghue was not aware of the snail until she had consumed most of its contents. She later fell ill and was diagnosed with gastroenteritis by a doctor. Donoghue subsequently took legal action against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, Stevenson. She lodged a writ in the Court of Sessions (Scotland’s highest civil court) seeking  £500 damages. Because her friend had purchased the drink, Donoghue could not sue on the basis that a contract had been breached; her lawyers instead had to claim that Stevenson had a duty of care to his consumers and that he had caused injury through negligence – an area of civil law that was largely untested at that time. Stevenson’s lawyers challenged the action on the basis that no precedents existed for such a claim. However Donoghue was later granted leave to appeal to the House of Lords, which then had the judicial authority to hear appellate cases. The leading judgement, delivered by Lord Atkin in 1932, established that Stevenson should be responsible for the well-being of individuals who consume his products, given that they could not be inspected. The case was returned to the original court; Stevenson died before the case was finalised and Donoghue was awarded a reduced amount of damages from his estate. This case established several legal principles: Firstly, that negligence is a distinct tort. A plaintiff can take civil action against a respondent, if the respondent’s negligence causes the plaintiff injury or loss of property. Previously the plaintiff had to demonstrate some contractual arrangement for negligence to be proven, such as the sale of an item or an agreement to provide a service. Since Donoghue had not purchased the drink, she could prove no contractual arrangement with Stevenson – yet Atkin’s judgement established that Stevenson was still responsible for the integrity of his product. Secondly, manufacturers have a duty of care to consumers. According to Lord Atkin’s ratio decendi, â€Å"a manufacturer of products, which he sells †¦ to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him †¦ owes a duty to the consumer to take reasonable care†. This precedent has evolved and expanded to form the basis of laws that protect consumers from contaminated or faulty goods. Thirdly, Lord Atkin’s controversial ‘neighbour principle’. Here Atkin raised the question of which people may be directly affected by our actions, our conduct or things we manufacture. â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be: persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to have them in [mind] when I am I am [considering these] acts or omissions.† Task 3 (AC3.3) Vicarious liability is a situation in which one party is held partly responsible for the unlawful actions of a third party. The third party also carries his or her own share of the liability. Vicarious liability can arise in situations where one party is supposed to be responsible for (and have control over) a third party, and is negligent in carrying out that responsibility and exercising that control. If an employee injures someone in the course of their employment, the employer may be subject to vicarious liability. This simply means that the injured person may be able to win compensation for the harm from the employer, rather than the employee. This is not to say, though, that the employee can always count on getting away scot-free. Even if there is vicarious liability, the injured person does not necessarily give up any right he may have to pursue the employee individually. If, for some reason, the injured person is unable to get full compensation from the employer, then he might seek to recover the balance from the employee. In addition, the employer may well seek reimbursement for any amount paid to the injured person (although in practice this rarely occurs). Generally, employers dispute vicarious liability claims on the following grounds: The person who caused the harm was not an employee, but an independent contractor or other non-employee worker; The employee did not harm the injured person in the course of the employees employment. An illustration of the test is provided by two contrasting cases, [Limpus v London General Omnibus Company] and [Beard v London General Omnibus Company], both involving road collisions. In the former, a driver pulled in front of another rival omnibus, in order to obstruct it. Despite express prohibitions from the employer, they were found liable; this was merely an unauthorised mode of the employee carrying out his duties (driving), not an entirely new activity. By contrast, in the latter case, London General Omnibus Company were not liable where a conductor (employed to collect fares on board the bus) negligently chose to drive the vehicle instead; this was completely outside of his duties. LO 4 Be able to apply principles of liability in negligence in business situations Task 4.1(AC4.1) A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the act. Although crimes may be torts, the cause of legal action is not necessarily a crime, as the harm may be due to negligence which does not amount to criminal negligence. The victim of the harm can recover their loss as damages in a lawsuit. In order to prevail, the plaintiff in the lawsuit must show that the actions or lack of action was the legally recognizable cause of the harm. The equivalent of tort in civil law jurisdictions is delict. Tort law is different from criminal law in that: (1) torts may result from negligent but not intentional or criminal actions and (2) tort lawsuits have a lower burden of proof such as preponderance of evidence rather than beyond a reasonable doubt. Sometimes a plaintiff may prevail in a tort case even if the person who caused the harm was acquitted in an earlier criminal trial. For example, O.J. Simpson was acquitted in criminal court and later found liable for the tort of wrongful death. Torts may be categorized in several ways, with a particularly common division between negligent and intentional torts. The standard action in tort is negligence. Negligence is a tort which arises from the breach of the duty of care owed by one person to another from the perspective of a reasonable person. The majority determined that the definition of negligence can be divided into four component parts that the plaintiff must prove to establish negligence. The elements in determining the liability for negligence are: The plaintiff was owed a duty of care through a special relationship (e.g. doctor-patient) or some other principle. There was a dereliction or breach of that duty. The tortfeasor directly caused the injury [but for the defendants actions, the plaintiff would not have suffered an injury]. The plaintiff suffered damage as a result of that breach. The damage was not too remote; there was proximate cause to show the breach caused the damage. Elements of Negligence Proximate cause Proximate cause means that you must be able to show that the harm was caused by the tort you are suing for. The defence may argue that there was a prior cause or a superseding intervening cause. A common situation where a prior cause becomes an issue is the personal injury car accident, where the person re-injures an old injury. Duty of care It arises when one party creates a scenario that has the potential to harm the other party. Duty focuses on relationship between the two parties: The test whether the defendant owes a duty of care to plaintiff includes: Would a reasonable person have foreseen that the actions would have caused harm to the plaintiff? Reasonable person represents an objective standard. Breach of duty Breach of duty occurs when a â€Å"reasonable person† is not exercising the degree of care that would have expected from him/her in that situation. Reasonable person is an average person. It does not require perfection, but takes into account that an average person does not foresee every risk. The average person is not assumed to be flawless, but ordinarily careful and prudent. Actual Harm Actual harm could be in the form of physical or emotional injuries, property damages or financial loss. The main remedy against tortious loss is compensation in damages or money. According to the scenario, Chris was in an internet cafe. He got up to purchase a coffee and was slipped on some water that was on the floor and broke his arm. This depends upon the intention of Chris. If Chris slipped intentionally and did foresee this accident, then the cafe’ will not be responsible for the damages caused. If this is not the case, then the elements of negligence need to be applied to see if Chris can claim the damages. Negligence is important aspect to look at, means that the defendant (the cafe’) failed to act in a reasonable manner under the circumstances. For example, it is reasonable to expect that the cafe’ placed a warning signs in recently mopped areas or wet surface. If this is not done, then it means that the cafe’ did not fulfil the duty of care. Chris can claim damages as a result of it as he slipped and broke his arm. There are various implications on the scenario in terms of duty of care, negligence (intentional or otherwise) and it is up to the court to decide the outcome. Task 5 (AC4.2) Two clear elements must be established in order to establish a vicarious liability: Was the tortfeasor the defendant’s employee; and Was the tortfeasor acting in the course of his or her employment at the time the tort was committed. The existence of a relationship of employer and employee Many tests have been suggested for distinguishing between a contract of service and a contract for services. These include: Control test Ready Mix Concrete Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968) Integration test – Stevenson Jordan Harrison Ltd v MacDonald Evans (1952) Organisation Test – Albrighton v Royal Prince Alfred Hopital (1980) â€Å"The ultimate question will always be whether a person is acting as the servant of another or on his own behalf and the answer to that question may be indicated in ways which are not always the same and which do not always have the same significance†. Conclusion as to whether defendant is an employer or contractor. If the defendant is an independent contractor the employer can’t be vicariously liable for the acts of that contractor. The employer will only be liable (as a primary liability) if the employer’s tortious duty is, in law, non-delegable: Kondis v STA; Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd. Was the employee acting within the course of employment? General rule is that whilst acting in the course of employment the employer is not vicariously liable for independent wrongful acts of employees (Bugge Brown). In determining the scope of the employment relationship the actions of the employee must be reasonably incidental to employment i.e. the employer is not vicariously liable if the employee is on a frolic of their own (Joel v Morison). (Situations to consider the necessary authorities) Wrongful mode of completing authorised act – employer vicariously liable (Bugge Brown) Express prohibition by employer not necessarily a defence if the employee’s act was still a mode of doing what he employee was employed to do – employer vicariously liable (Century Insurance Company v Northern Island Road Transport). Acting outside scope of employment relationship – employer not vicariously liable (Koorang Investments v Richardson). Driving cases For example, there are a number of truck driving cases where the court has had to decide whether the driver was acting within the course of his employment when driving the vehicle outside a designated route. Essentially, the pattern seems to be that if the drivers job is to get from Point A to Point B, and his detour from the designated route was simply another way of getting to Point B, then he is acting within the course of his employment. On the other hand, if the driver takes a detour for some other, non-business purpose (such as picking up a girlfriend and taking her shopping) then he would likely be regarded as acting outside the course of his employment. According to the scenario, Trevor is a driver who drives a lorry for a Haulage firm. He delivers deliveries for the company which suggests that he is an employee of the firm. Whilst at work, he detours the lorry and meets his girl friend. This is a non business purpose which means he is acting outside the scope of his duties. As he leaves his girlfriend’s house to continue deliveries, he negligently crashes into a car park. As stated above, two conditions must be met in order to establish a vicarious liability: was the tortfeasor the defendant’s employee; and Was the tortfeasor acting in the course of his or her employment at the time the tort was committed. In this case, the tortfeasor was Chris and the defendant is the Haulage firm. Chris was an employee and also he was acting in the course of his employment to meet his girlfriend and later on crashes his lorry. The vicarious liability is established and hence Chris is liable and not the haulage firm. References Tort Liability (2014). Available: http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/tort-law-liability.html. [Last accessed 10 March, 2014] Donoghue V Stevenson (1932). Available: http://lawgovpol.com/case-study-donoghue-v-stevenson-1932/. [Last accessed 12 March, 2014]. Negligence (2014). Available: http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/lawsuit/negligence.html?opt=cutm_expid=36075225.Uj6X3hD9S1KR79nt0Iy0tA.1utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2F#.UySBAj9_sSM. [Last accessed 12 March, 2014] Accidents and injuries (2014). Available: http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/accidents_and_injuries/accident_claims/500045.html. [Last accessed 13 March, 2014] Vicarious Liability (2014). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability_in_English_law. [Last accessed 13 March, 2014] Breach of duty (2014). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_duty_in_English_law. [Last accessed 14 March, 2014] Tort (2014). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort. [Last accessed 14 March, 2014] Eustace, D, (2007) Negligent Misstatement – Dillon Eustace. Keenan, D., and Smith, K., (2006) Law for Business (13th Edition) Pearson Education Limited. McKendrick, E. Contract Law (2000). fourth edition. McMillan. Basington. Poole, J. Casebook on Contract Law (2001). 5th edition. London. Vickneswaren, K., (1997) Obligations: Contract Law (1st Edition) Old Bailey Press: London.

Belt Drive Laboratory Exercise

Belt Drive Laboratory Exercise An investigation into the relationship between tensions in a slipping pulley and comparison of experimental and theoretical results 1. Summary The transmission of power across machines and systems in industry is vitally important and belt drives can provide this in a cheap but efficient form. In this experiment, a flat belt was attached around a pulley at four separate contact angles and the tensions both before and after the pulley were recorded as the mass was changed to investigate the belt tension ratio and efficiency of the pulley, and how this compared to theoretical results. The experimental and predicted results were found to be very similar, confirming the expectation that an increase in contact angle would cause an increase in belt tension ratio. Also, a peak efficiency of 67.95% was measured which was significantly lower than the average modern day efficiency of 95%.   2. List of Symbols Symbol Meaning  µ coefficient of friction between belt and pulley ÃŽÂ ± half vee belt angle ÃŽÂ ² angle of contact between belt and pulley T ­1 tension after pulley T2 tension before pulley mm millimetres N newtons V volts A amps g grams à Ã¢â‚¬ ° rotational speed rpm revs per minute ÃŽÂ · efficiency POUT output power PIN input power T torque Nm newton metres 3. Introduction Belt drives are a cost effective, easy to use devices designed for power transmission between machines or shafts. The origins of traction devices can be traced back as far as the Babylonians and Assyrians with flat belts, made of leather, becoming the main source of power transmission in factories during the industrial revolution. Although flat belts are still used today, the introduction of vee belts by John Gates in 1917 revolutionised short distance power transmission, being able to generate more power than a flat belt for a pulley of certain diameter. Modern belt drives are able to transmit power at an efficiency of 90-98%, averaging 95% [1]. Vee belts provided the opportunity for continuously variable transmission with their ability to work on pulleys of variable diameters, a useful advantage over other forms of transmission. However, the main disadvantage is the slip between belt and pulley which can limit the efficiency of the drive; the factors contributing to this are the belt profile, the friction and the amount of torque. This report investigates the relationship between the tensions in a stationary flat belt pulley and subsequently the torque and efficiency, comparing the experimental results with expected values calculated using the theory outlined below. 4. Theory Given the coefficient of friction  µ, vee belt angle 2ÃŽÂ ± and angle of contact ÃŽÂ ² (rad), the relationship between higher tension and lower tension in a slipping pulley, known as the belt tension ratio, is given by the following equation: [2] (equation 1) Given for a flat belt ÃŽÂ ± = 90 ° and knowing sin (90 °) = 1, this equation can be rewritten: (equation 2) It is this theoretical equation which the experimental results will be compared against in order to analyse the relationship between the belt tension ratio and coefficient of friction. 5. Method 5.1 Apparatus Belt drive system set up as shown above in figure 1, with the central pulley of radius 50mm and a load cell measuring with an uncertainty of  ­Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±0.005N. DC electric motor to provide initial rotational movement of the central pulley, measuring voltage (V) with an uncertainty of  ±0.05V and current (I) with an uncertainty of  ±0.005A. Masses, 100g each, to vary the load applied at the free end of the string Hand held optical tachometer capable of measuring rotational speed (à Ã¢â‚¬ °) of the pulley with an accuracy of  ±0.5rpm. 5.2 Procedure The free end of the string was placed accordingly to ensure the angle of contact, ÃŽÂ ², between the belt and pulley was à Ã¢â€š ¬/2. The motor supply voltage was set to 10V and it was made sure that the pulley was rotating in the correct direction by checking T2 > T1. The spring balance was zeroed before the minimum load, 100g, was placed on the free end of the string and a measurement for T1 recorded off the spring balance. 100g masses were then added individually until a maximum mass was applied and the value on the spring balance after the addition of each mass was recorded. These masses were then removed, the angle of contact changed, and the experiment then repeated for angles of à Ã¢â€š ¬, 3à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 and 2à Ã¢â€š ¬. The maximum mass was achieved when the motor was close to stalling but the voltage value still read 10V. When performing the experiment at the 3à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 angle of contact, values for current and pulley rotational speed were also measured after the addition of each 100g mass. The current (I) was measured by the digital multimeter while the rotational speed of the pulley (à Ã¢â‚¬ °) was measured using the hand held optical tachometer. 6. Results The tension after the pulley (T1) and the mass added to the free end of the string were recorded and collected in a table, which can be found in Appendix A. The values for the mass were converted from kg to N to give the corresponding tensions (T2). A graph of T2 against T1 (figure 2) was then drawn for all four angles of contact ÃŽÂ ². This experimental value was calculated from figure 3 to be 0.3269. Using this value and equation 1 for all four angles, a theoretical plot of the belt tension ratio was able to be produced and compared with the experimental results achieved at the four points, shown through figure 4. 7. Discussion It was expected that as the angle of contact increased, the value of T1 would decrease and therefore the value of the belt tension ratio would increase. It can clearly be seen from the experimental data points produced in figure 4 that the results from this experiment were as expected. Also from figure 4, an analysis of the experimental data points and the theoretical line of best fit shows a clear correlation between the two calculations, confirming the theory discussed during section 3 of the report. The slight differences found between these two forms of data, particularly at ÃŽÂ ²=3à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 where the largest error is found, can be accredited to systematic errors due to the measurements from the load cell. Observing figure 6, the motor efficiency shows a generally increasing trend though the curve begins to flatten out as T2 reaches 9.810N. This shows the relationship between torque and efficiency not to be linear but instead parabolic, demonstrating the idea of a peak efficiency at each contact angle. By differentiating the equation of the line of best fit we can calculate that the maximum efficiency is achieved at a torque of 1.627 Nm with this efficiency being 67.95%. This efficiency is significantly smaller than the modern day average of 95% stated in the introduction; this difference in values can be attributed to various factors affecting the calculations. Firstly, it was assumed that the motor driving the pulley was 100% efficient; in reality this would not be the case as there would be energy lost internally through friction, cooling systems and core losses. Secondly, this experiment was conducted using a constantly slipping flat belt as opposed to a more commonly used form of transmission such as a vee belt, where higher efficiencies would be anticipated. 8. Conclusion To conclude, the experiment outlined in this report was useful in demonstrating the relationship between tensions in a slipping pulley, successfully validating the theory from section 3 that belt tension ratio is related to angle of contact; as ÃŽÂ ² tends towards 2à Ã¢â€š ¬, the belt tension ratio tends towards a maximum due to an increased area of contact and consequently larger friction. In the experiment, a maximum efficiency of 67.95% was calculated at a torque of 1.627 Nm. The graph of efficiency against torque analysed in section 5 demonstrates a need to find the optimum torque of a system in order to achieve maximum efficiency from it. The findings from this experiment are statistically insignificant as the nature of the pulley does not correspond to common industry types. However, the experiment was useful in showing the basic relationships between angles of contact, belt tension ratio and efficiency found in belt drives and the effect slipping can have on the output of these systems. Appendix A Raw Data à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 à Ã¢â€š ¬ 3à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ Weight (kg) T2 (N) T1 (N) Current (A) Speed (revs/min) T1(N) T1(N) T1 (N) 1.0 9.810 5.80 3.8 1218 3.40 1.70 0.9 8.829 5.20 3.5 1239 3.05 1.50 1.15 0.8 7.848 4.60 3.2 1256 2.70 1.35 1.00 0.7 6.867 4.00 2.9 1280 2.40 1.15 0.90 0.6 5.886 3.45 2.6 1308 2.05 0.95 0.75 0.5 4.905 2.85 2.3 1340 1.70 0.80 0.60 0.4 3.924 2.25 2.0 1370 1.35 0.60 0.45 0.3 2.943 1.65 1.7 1399 1.00 0.40 0.35 0.2 1.962 1.15 1.3 1429 0.65 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.981 0.5 1.0 1470 0.30 0.10 0.10 [1] Carlisle Power Transmission products, Inc., Energy loss and belt efficiency, [Online]. Available: http://www.clark-transmission.com/images/pdf/carlisle/energy_loss_and_belt_efficiency.pdf. [Accessed 9 February 2016]. [2] J. Darling, ME 10010 Solid mechanics 2 Belt Drive Labratory Exercise, University of Bath, 2016. [3] University of Geulph, Department of Physics, What is torque?, [Online]. Available: https://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/torque/Q.torque.intro.html. [Accessed 16 February 2016]. [1] PIX Transmissions Limited, Belts Brief history and types, [Online]. Available: http://www.pixtrans.com/blog/belts%E2%80%93brief-history-and-types.html. [Accessed 9 February 2016]. [2] Groschopp, Efficiency and losses in electric motors, 24 March 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.groschopp.com/efficiency-and-losses-in-electric-motors/. [Accessed 10 February 2016]. [3] Habatec, Introduction to the power transmission flat belt drive, 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.habatec.net/HNet/HabaTEC.nsf/vwWebContent/FF5800BDAD1854E0C12571CA0028442B?OpenDocument. [Accessed 10 Feb 2016]. [4] IHS Engineering360, Flat belt pulleys, [Online]. Available: http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/motion_controls/power_transmission/flat_belt_pulleys. [Accessed 15 February 2016]. [5] J. Darling, ME 10010 Solid mechanics 2 Belt Drive Labratory Exercise, University of Bath, 2016. [6] V. R. Chennu, Belt drives types, advantages, disadvantages, 31 October 2015. [Online]. Available: http://me-mechanicalengineering.com/belt-drives-types-advantages-disadvantages/. [Accessed 15 February 2016].